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It is, therefore, of vital importance to understand the difference between nodes and branches in order to ensure the success of the evolutionary trees in the classroom. As mentioned during the presentation of classic trees, the root node represents the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a set of selected taxa (See Fig. 1); this specific pattern of a rooted tree is due to the fact that taxa are assumed to have common ancestry (Baum and Smith 2013).
Trees with no specified root node are not necessarily random or misleading. If a tree has no specified root, the evolutionary relationships among the taxonomic groups are either not specified or a priori and thus are not meaningful (Ryan and Fazekas 2013). In contrast to trees with a specified root node, trees in which there is no root node are either unrooted (rooted at the node of the MRCA) or panmictic (rooted at the nodes of all taxa) (Fernández et al. 2017).
The two distinctively-shaped trees in Fig. 3, upper and bottom, represent rooted and rootless trees, respectively. The actual evolutionary history of a taxon and its MRCA will be shown in at least two different ways. For example, if the evolutionary history of a taxon and its MRCA is shown as nodes and a line, this structure can be called a rooted tree; alternatively, if the actual evolution of a taxon and its MRCA is shown as a line and a node, this structure can be called a rootless tree. The rooting of a tree refers to placing its root node at a position in space or time and thus serves as an indication of its age. During the process of rooting, a root node and the MRCA are chosen from among a set of given taxa.
In case of rootless trees, the number of their nodes is identical to the number of taxa in the tree, as there is no MRCA node (Baum and Smith 2013). Lending support to the claim that rootless trees are unrooted trees is the fact that a rootless tree encompasses all taxa in the tree and, therefore, they exhibit no evolutionary relationships by inheritance or selection (see Fig. 4). d2c66b5586